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American Journal of Critical Care. 2002;11: 520-528
Copyright © 2002 by the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses.
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CE Online

Cognitive Impairment in Heart Failure: Issues of Measurement and Etiology

By Barbara Riegel, RN, DNSc, CS, Jill A. Bennett, RN, PhD, Andra Davis, RN, MS, Beverly Carlson, RN, MS, CNS, CCRN, John Montague, PhD, Howard Robin, MD and Dale Glaser, PhD. From the School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania (BR), Sharp HealthCare, San Diego, Calif (BR, AD, BC), School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco (JAB), San Diego, Calif (JM), Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, Calif (HR), and Pacific Science and Engineering, San Diego, Calif.

• Background Clinicians need easy methods of screening for cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure. If correlates of cognitive impairment could be identified, more patients with early cognitive impairment could be treated before the problem interfered with adherence to treatment.

• Objectives To describe cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure, to explore the usefulness of 4 measures of cognitive impairment, and to assess correlates of cognitive impairment.

• Methods A descriptive, correlational design was used. Four screening measures of cognition were assessed in 42 patients with heart failure: Commands subtest and Complex Ideational Material subtest of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Draw-a-Clock Test. Cognitive impairment was defined as performance less than the standardized (T-score) cutoff point on at least 1 of the 4 measures. Possible correlates of cognitive impairment included age, education, hypotension, fluid overload (serum osmolality <269 mOsm/kg), and dehydration (serum osmolality ≥295 mOsm/kg).

• Results Cognitive impairment was detected in 12 (28.6%) of 42 participants. The 4 screening tests varied in effectiveness, but the Draw-a-Clock Test indicated impairment in 50% of the 12 impaired patients. A summed standardized score for the 4 measures was not significantly associated with age, education, hypotension, fluid overload, or dehydration in this sample.

• Conclusions Cognitive impairment is relatively common in patients with heart failure. The Draw-a-Clock Test was most useful in detecting cognitive impairment, although it cannot be used to detect problems with verbal learning or delayed recall and should not be used as the sole screening method for patients with heart failure. Correlates of cognitive impairment require further study.

To receive CE credit for this article, visit the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses’ (AACN) Web site at http://www.aacn.org, click on "Education" and select "Continuing Education," or call AACN’s Fax on Demand at (800) 222-6329 and request item No. 1159.




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